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The Civil War and Reconstruction

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modern history of car from season 3 don't forget the Hammurabi Code The Ten Commandments the Bible the Quran these are all written sacred laws from the ancient world American democracy to has the lineage of written record that show the development of our nation each document bills on those before to make our foundation of Freedom stronger  this is documents of Destiny Civil War and reconstruction you're not a program we have for subject matter expert Robert George what makes the feather of jurisprudence and director of the James Madison program Princeton University  the Emancipation Proclamation a did not fun in those states that were loyal to the union had not seceded and that included some slave states up around the Border like Maryland and Kentucky Michael sughrue research fellow the James Madison program Princeton University  short corrected he says that the blood of these men that have died at Gettysburg  is testimony how fully Americans have body into a certain conception of what America is  Clarence Walker professor of History University of California Davis the 14th Amendment  overturned the Dred Scott decision by declaring black Citizen United States it creates now a new United States create a biracial state where before the United States had been Priscilla zombie associate professor of political science the United States Navy Academy Annapolis Maryland  the Fourteenth Amendment is today the most litigated part of the Constitution contains 3 did you process clause equal protection clause and the privileges and immunities clause the Homestead Act the Pacific Railway Act and the Marillac 1862 what's the Southern States seated from the union the northern states began passing a number of measures which the South had blocked prior to 1860 I'm on these with a Homestead Act the Pacific Railway Act and the Morrill Act but first some background  the winter of 1860 so I Ham Lincoln elected as our 16th president of the United States he took the oath of office and delivered his inaugural address March 4th 61 in that address he had a warning for the South  in your hands my dissatisfied fellow countrymen and mine is the momentous issue of Civil War the government will not assail you you have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government racial havamal someone to preserve protect and defend it sweet Slater the southern states began to secede from the union war came in April of 1861 what is civil war raged on many Battlefield along the Eastern Seaboard the business Nation continued  Tundra seeing an opportunity to pass legislation Southern States would not have divorced had three important act 1 was the Homestead Act  this should always been something that the southern slave owners can you feared because a nation of Yeoman Farmers would impede the extension of slavery plantations valuable agricultural land middle of the United States  it permitted any citizens receive 160 Acres of public land and then purchase it for a nominal price after living on it for 5 years  the political moment was was right to make possible the singer posted by white family that would settle them and establish Yeoman farmer society which would be very hostile towards the introduction extension of slavery another Act passed in 1862 what's the Pacific Railway act one of the questions constantly before Congress in the 19th century internal improvements mainly Improvement of the country's transportation system and yet unfulfilled remix what's the have a plan Continental Railroad and Telegraph lines that continue this country's transportation and communication systems from the Missouri River to California this is the way  12th giving away other people's land is actually a fairly easy thing to do in other words since there are very few America is there an Atlanta titles are the Indians out of the way Acquire The Land by a claim of eminent domain  the railroad employed many immigrants to do the very difficult manual labor Central Pacific employed more than 10,000 Chinese workers the work was vac breaking and took six years to complete by play in 1869 in the ceremony at Promontory Utah just north of Salt Lake City the last rails were laid and a golden villain in the completed tracks by the time the Rail lines were completed Congress that granted 174 million Acres play clan for railroad right-of-way the third important Act passed in 1862 what's the Marillac name for the thumb Justin Morel who introduced the measure this law made it possible for the new western states to establish colleges for theirs most of higher education was seen as very Elite 3 ivy league and it really brings education to anyone becomes very affordable and allow the Americans to go to hire University ever since colonial times a good education has been a central theme in American democratic ideals the colonization process included the establishment of some of our colleges Harvard in 1636 William and Mary in 1693 and Yale in 1701 in the state of Texas where I'm from land grant colleges have been the great equalizer and even today the number students that are first gen college that go to these large land-grant institutions and the tuition is low and the level of instruction is hi there wonderful and I've made such a difference in allowing people to get an affordable college education the Emancipation proc 1863  prior to signing the Emancipation Proclamation President Abraham Lincoln signed into legislation that in July of 1862 awesome rides African American slaves to serve in the military of the union date this was a stepping stone to the Emancipation Proclamation now there's a question about whether Lincoln was operating within his constitutional Authority in the slaves in the rebellious states with the Emancipation Proclamation the argument against Lincoln in the Constitution is the president the entire federal government given any authority to abolish slavery there's no delegated turn that would permit the national government to interfere with slavery in the states that wished have it Lincoln realized he did not have the Constitutional authority to who's the slays so where did he look for this constitutional Authority he claimed the Constitutional authority to issue the Emancipation Proclamation under his he said that this was an act that was required in Wartime to disable an enemy that was Waging War against the United and that was the justification in territories of the national government to allow them to fight freely in the Union forces if they desire impacted is mental at the time but I think it's message is is what the important about it did it it sends the message that there is an equity here that will eventually be resolved and I think Lincoln sense of fairness that black should be treated the same as white is the view that prevails and I think that's why it's such a significant document he began to make it clear in the first inaugural address who was prepared to fight for and by the time of the Gettysburg Address he really had I think made it clear what he was fighting for was fighting not simply to preserve the union he saw more at stake than that  the original position of Abraham Lincoln on the Civil War was that it was a war to preserve the union and not destroy slavery Lincoln could have brought the southern states back without disestablishment slavery he would have it's only over course of three years of hard struggle that emancipation becomes the central focus of Northern military concerns and concerns of the union he saw in the United States the one hope for mankind of establishing the full of Republican government what he would call in the Gettysburg Address government of the People by the people and for the people Union victories over the Confederacy first before issuing the Emancipation Proclamation otherwise the proclamation would have looked like Act of desperation  the first of two impressive victories for the union came at the Battle of Shiloh April of 18 pics 2 led by General Ulysses S Grant the Union forces defeated the Confederate troops with both sides suffering from Mendez losses the union suffered ten thousand casualties the Confederate side suffered 13,000 casualties  the second victory for the North came at Antietam in Maryland September of 1862  again casualties were heavy in fact it was the bloodiest build a battle in United States military history the Confederate suffered 13 thousand casualties the union $12,000 the battle stopped a major Confederate offensive lead by General Robert E Lee and it raised hopes for victory in the North Lincoln now his opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation  the Emancipation Proclamation actually argue don't have the effect in the south blacks and Southern States Escape 2 or found some way to to leave an end or were released by their owner that they could be a free man and economically did impact the South because it is for southern cotton owners forum go to do have to find other labor sources which white man whose then aren't fighting the North in the Civil War  the where did words of the documents are these  all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of estate the whereof shall then be in Rebellion against the United States Shelby then and forever free had the war and it has there been a truce had Lincoln lived what would the status of the emancipation clamation have been the proclamation says that in the states in Rebellion the slaves are free not just for the duration of the war but forever but how can that be constitutionally permissible once the war is ended obviously there's no military need to continue the abolition of slavery wouldn't slavery have comeback constitutionally wouldn't some people perhaps have been returned to a status of slavery of course in end tragically President Lincoln was assassinated and the matter was handled by way of competition Amendment the 13th Amendment of the Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States the Gettysburg Address 1863 the Civil War race on 1863 Confederate General Robert E Lee took the go to Jordan soil when he said 75,000 troops into Pennsylvania  it wasn't Gettysburg that he clashed with two big heads that by General George Meade  three days of fighting left a total of 43000 on a merican men dead one of the things that we have to understand about the Gettysburg Address is that it was delivered in circumstances of great sadness President Lincoln had gone to Gettysburg the site of an epic battle in which many many lives on both sides have been lost to dedicate a cemetery to say something to the widows and children of those soldiers who had lost their lives and to explain the cause of that sacrifice and the justification for the war four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this go to mention Liberty to the proposition that all men are created equal taking over the bodies of dead Union little further up dead Confederate troops they sing the men died from idea they did not die in so beautiful and Powerful document the argument that Lincoln made  what's the Republican government self-govern democracy depended on the preservation of the American experiment and ordered Liberty and experiment that it begun four score and seven earlier if you count back those 87 years you don't get to the Constitution you get to the Declaration of Independence to 1776 the great proposition that all men are created equal there are no natural Kings or serfs all are equal all have an equal right to participate in self Senate people are endowed by God himself by their creator with unalienable rights  the Gettysburg Address is a classic state of democratic ideal it is also one of the gems of American literature  well the Gettysburg Address it's probably have a shortage of American political pieces of American football oratory it lasted I think no more than maybe two minutes and pain our celebration of what was a great catastrophe for the South  because after Gettysburg it is quite sad in some ways that the north is going I think to Prevail in this war but Lincoln by the loss of life that he thought that brevity is the best way of approaching this moment the from these honored we take increased Devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of the ocean seen as very uneventful and one is it that it's not very moving to the public but yet to read it and to go back and reflect on it it is at been hailed as one of the greatest documents of Freedom ever  the we here still not have died in vain that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people by the people for the people shall not perish from the Earth  in the first inaugural he had pleaded with the South not to secede not to break up the country over the issue of slavery in the Gettysburg Address he had explained to the country and to all who would suffer the loss of Fathers and Sons and brothers in the war why the war was necessary given Southern secession to preserve Republican government cover stop the People by the people and for the people  faucet the address States the world will little note nor long remember what we say here but it can never forget what they did here  Lincoln's prediction concerning his words being forgotten his address is one of our most important documents from Destiny closest Civil War laws and Constitutional Amendments the period following the civil so many new laws and Constitutional Amendments brought about by reconstruction even before the Civil War ended Congress in January of 1865 the 13th Amendment which ended slavery  the 13th Amendment states slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for Crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted still exist within the lighted state or any place subject to their jurisdiction  the Thirteenth Amendment passed in 1865 snakes in Sonic Elise slavery illegal and it goes a Step Beyond the Emancipation Proclamation and makes it a violation of the Constitution to hold someone as your slave shortly after the passage of the 13th Amendment is the Civil War ended in April 1865 leaving the south in Ruins  General Robert E Lee of the Confederacy and Ulysses S Grant the Union met in a private home in the Tiny Village of Appomattox Courthouse Virginia and sign the papers of surrender  see a map Civil War was one of the deadliest Wars in United States history more than 600,000 Young American men died the economy of the South was devastated and the people of the South especially freed slaves with struggling to survive  what southern slave owners were reluctant to give up their old ways and treat slaves as Free People to compound the problem most lame didn't know any other lifestyle than that of a slave the government recognize that federal health was necessary  Congress did the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865 to Aid the millions of Southerners left homeless and hungry out of War  the bureau distributed food and clothing set up hospitals operated schools and served as an employment agency for the unemployed Freedmen's Bureau played a major role in providing educational opportunities for African Americans who were deprived of an education that's way just one month after the Freedmen's Bureau was established John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln as he and his wife attended a play Ford's Theater in Washington he died the next morning and I house he was taking two across the street from the theater  will never know how construction might have developed under President Lincoln but the Freedmen's Bureau was a good start  after the Civil War was concluded President Lincoln was assassinated he was succeeded by President Andrew Johnson who had been vice president the man who was completely lack in the talent to be president of the United States he was certainly not the equal of of President Lincoln but it fell to him to supervise the great task of putting the country back together again after the Civil War  Congress originally intended for the freedmen Bureau of remaining a relation for 1 year but it was extended because it was providing a valuable Service as one African Americans hold a government official Jessica Freeman girl was removed a color man with high better Simpson the speaker words that have the color man right now choose life  Lincoln successor Andrew Johnson had a different attitude toward reconstruction then did Lincoln the government for the Morehead never pass any legislation that would it provides  agriculture Ford  food clothing etc for any area or any group of the white population of the United say so then why do that according to Johnson's line of reasoning for black people  Johnson was from the South Tennessee and was it one time a slaveholder himself Johnson Washington African rape  he felt the Freedmen's Bureau was unnecessary he sent to general student or the South hoping to uncover complaint about the organization and said they found widespread support for it  Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau act in 18 6 to extend the life of the agency surprisingly though President Andrew Johnson vetoed the bill saying it was superintendent that the freedmen to be fed close educated and sheltered by the United States Johnson vetoed disloyalty tell the Freedmen's Bureau bill because he felt that this was an unwarranted expansion of federal power and that the government had no right to be infringing on private property in this way by creating the special protected class Chris reacted furiously  Congress became extremely angry with President Johnson and began the slow and gradual move to take over the Reconstruction process from the president should take the place of the Freedmen's Bureau Congress and make me pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 the first civil rights legislation in United States history  the Republicans keenly aware that the former slaves with supper discrimination abuse perhaps even terrible atrocities so they acted legislatively try to do something about that in advance to articulate to enshrine and federal law civil rights for all Americans black or white so in 1860 next week at our first ever Civil Rights Act effort on the part of the federal government to open up public spaces to black people it wasn't on the part of the Republican party to ensure that black people had minimal guarantees citizenship Within the United States struck down a great deal of the discriminatory laws and public space witches Hotel trains Etc the Fourteenth Amendment another of the so-called Civil War amendments guarantee that even if a future Congress repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1866 African Americans and all people born or naturalized in the United States would have all lights of citizenship  Kristen Johnson used the 14th Amendment as an affront to White because it made like full citizens of the United States in the same way the legislation involved in the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866 as limiting or being an encroachment on the freedom of people  Johnson felt the Reconstruction was a presidential perogative and that the Congress was overstepping its bounds and pushing through these types of legislation the Republicans will gaining support in Congress President Johnson was losing support and credibility this fight President Johnson's insistence that old southern m continue to rule the South Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act of 1867 and so it is an 1867 did you get the Reconstruction Act which divides the South up into five military districts would lay the bassist for black people to participate in vote in voting  are the stars on the water participate as voted to take a loyalty oath to  the federal government and to pronounce their allegiances to the better thing  this act divided the southern states excluding Tennessee which was already reconstructed into five military East Andre Union Major General Union Army troops were stationed in southern states to maintain order and enforce the law the problem here of course  and they felt that they were being turn the flashing as their equals in 1966 and 1867 Congress success of the Reconstruction Act on enforcement and they were certain they would not get the cooperation of President Johnson's he was threatening to kick people out of office on quote as a safeguard Congress pass office hours waffle the president to remove an appointed government officials who have been confirmed by the Senate without the Senate confirmation to remove him in the the new law President Johnson fired his Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Congress replied by impeaching the president certainly had had little Sway With Congress inability to two I mean he's later and Peach the first to have that Faith happened to him as the chief executive it's not to have a few laxative is positive he seems to very much argue that set the status quo was fine since that you get from from Lincoln sound Andrew Johnson not guilty of the impeachment charge but by only one vote he served out the remainder of his term in the election of 1868 Union General Ulysses S Grant was elected our next president during his administration who is Pat the 15th Amendment which gave African-Americans the right to vote abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison praised the passage of 15th amendment transformation human beings from The Auction Block to the Box the Fifteenth Amendment states the right of sins of the United States to vote shall not be denied or Abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race color previous condition of servitude 10 minute which made black people citizens of the United States one of extreme social political and cultural crisis and the Civil War therefore is the context which provides that moment without the passage of these three amendments black freedom what's after 1865 what is on very very shallow ground destiny

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